{"id":1167,"date":"2016-05-11T11:26:44","date_gmt":"2016-05-11T09:26:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/?page_id=1167"},"modified":"2021-02-09T10:31:29","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T09:31:29","slug":"in-den-boden-geschaut","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/labor-2\/in-den-boden-geschaut\/","title":{"rendered":"Taking a Closer Look"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-e87924d268b0bd80ec5b323344225bd5\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-e87924d268b0bd80ec5b323344225bd5{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-e87924d268b0bd80ec5b323344225bd5 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-e87924d268b0bd80ec5b323344225bd5 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-e87924d268b0bd80ec5b323344225bd5 av-special-heading-h1  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Taking a Closer Look at Soil<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipw681j-40a3592fba6bf23a055d35a9a8b8e44a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>For their growth, plants need <strong>energy<\/strong>, <strong>water <\/strong>and <strong>nutrients<\/strong>. The current scientific consensus acknowledges 16 to 22 essential elements for plant nutrition. Most of a plant\u2019s biomass is comprised of C (~45%), O<sub>2<\/sub> (~42%) and H (~6%). Mineral elements (e.g. Ca, Mg, S, N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, B, Na, Mo) only account for about 7% (Bergmann 1993, Schilling 2000).<\/p>\n<p>The main part of mineral nutrients is absorbed from the soil by roots, more specifically from the soil solution. During the absorption, the dissolved elements can mutually hinder or boost each other, or behave indifferently (see figure \u201cinteractive structure\u201d).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='flex_column av-rnk03j-811dd5fd60f3ba53bea0dcf957a183cc av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-qdj71b-ca7de48f58a2813e2142fb3633736728\">\n.avia-image-container.av-qdj71b-ca7de48f58a2813e2142fb3633736728 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-qdj71b-ca7de48f58a2813e2142fb3633736728 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-qdj71b-ca7de48f58a2813e2142fb3633736728 av-styling- av-img-linked avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 pop-up avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-705x484.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-450x309.jpg 450w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" class='avia_image '  aria-label='Abb_EN_interactive structures_SGD Weinbau'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-2653 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2653 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1.jpg\" alt='' title='Abb_EN_interactive structures_SGD Weinbau'  height=\"516\" width=\"752\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-705x484.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Abb_EN_interactive-structures_SGD-Weinbau-1-450x309.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-oh9f3j-c703a55da49df14c5bf47fa31e7d7d33\">\n.flex_column.av-oh9f3j-c703a55da49df14c5bf47fa31e7d7d33{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-oh9f3j-c703a55da49df14c5bf47fa31e7d7d33 av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipw6q65-cf3c24f4250e6c9555cf74a422f64dda '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Interactive structure of elements (mod. from SGD Weinbau, 2006) <\/em><br \/>\n<em>red arrows: strong antagonism,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>yellow arrows: weak antagonism, <\/em><br \/>\n<em>green arrows: synergism<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-26mbbz-f220781503f8042b6416804b09f7b9df\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-26mbbz-f220781503f8042b6416804b09f7b9df{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-26mbbz-f220781503f8042b6416804b09f7b9df hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_two_fifth  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipw787p-34438f1f5a18e8944029db539bc6da0d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>It is a well-known fact that above a certain nutrient level, the ratios of certain elements to each other are much more important for crop development than their absolute concentration (see figure). It can be assumed that more than 90% of Western Europe soils exceed that level by far.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ldlsb3-94e17276627ae762b3821565ec0feb11 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-j0lq9r-0662f3256cecf8b5e31f376250b8c282\">\n.avia-image-container.av-j0lq9r-0662f3256cecf8b5e31f376250b8c282 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-j0lq9r-0662f3256cecf8b5e31f376250b8c282 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-j0lq9r-0662f3256cecf8b5e31f376250b8c282 av-styling- av-img-linked avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 pop-up avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-9  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-1030x735.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-1030x735.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-260x185.png 260w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-705x503.png 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-450x321.png 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37.png 1045w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" class='avia_image '  aria-label='EN_Nutrient Supply'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1181 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1181 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-1030x735.png\" alt='' title='EN_Nutrient Supply'  height=\"735\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-1030x735.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-260x185.png 260w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-705x503.png 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37-450x321.png 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-11.45.37.png 1045w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1tc4tr-c60a72bc3650944a36657982fffcd250\">\n.flex_column.av-1tc4tr-c60a72bc3650944a36657982fffcd250{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1tc4tr-c60a72bc3650944a36657982fffcd250 av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_heading  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipw7rmq-87595346c8fa9d1abea38ed0d00c9584 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Influence of nutrient amounts and nutrient ratios on crop development (Husz, 1988)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-d8612a1b22004b03508f508905f19083\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d8612a1b22004b03508f508905f19083{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d8612a1b22004b03508f508905f19083 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d8612a1b22004b03508f508905f19083 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-d8612a1b22004b03508f508905f19083 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_two_fifth  el_before_av_textblock '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Nutrient Provision of the Soils<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipweg75-ac009835c3b76c38c97e259878fd785a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Based on the geological parent material, a soil can provide the entirety or only parts of the nutrients required by a plant in sufficient quantity. The supply of nutrients in the soil is determined by the overall available nutrients, the nutrient concentration in the soil solution, the subsequent delivery rate of nutrients and the diffusion rate. The latter one includes the mass fluxes of ions to the plant roots, which vary from soil to soil. Moreover, pedogenic parameters like soil texture (content of sand, silt and clay), concentration of humus, biological activity and characteristics of sorption play an important role. Tillage, crop rotation, type of cultivation and fertilization can directly influence the microbiological activity and with that the dynamic processes in the soil (see figure). Strongly sorbed elements can be mobilized, highly concentrated elements in solution can be converted into steadier bonds.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='flex_column av-e7y0u7-5e995d7b5e754f21308f82d3cd2d9e1f av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kipx1xy4-1d412221fcd10d5ffa544af0071aea55\">\n.avia-image-container.av-kipx1xy4-1d412221fcd10d5ffa544af0071aea55 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-kipx1xy4-1d412221fcd10d5ffa544af0071aea55 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-kipx1xy4-1d412221fcd10d5ffa544af0071aea55 av-styling- av-img-linked avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 pop-up avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-15  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-1030x692.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-1030x692.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-768x516.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-705x473.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-450x302.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu.jpg 1272w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" class='avia_image '  aria-label='Abb_Fraktionen_neu'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-2530 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2530 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-1030x692.jpg\" alt='' title='Abb_Fraktionen_neu'  height=\"692\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-1030x692.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-768x516.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-705x473.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu-450x302.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Abb_Fraktionen_neu.jpg 1272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-cp957j-401821b4a5d967ab9b52631614e78e67\">\n.flex_column.av-cp957j-401821b4a5d967ab9b52631614e78e67{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-cp957j-401821b4a5d967ab9b52631614e78e67 av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-az1rxb-dc4987861ffc44d0de717b87cd63b723 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Dynamic equilibrium and element pools of the open system soil (mod. from Schr\u00f6der, 1992)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kipx5dsq-c552737e4e5b5c1e1cc0e9f5ade7f611\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-kipx5dsq-c552737e4e5b5c1e1cc0e9f5ade7f611{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-kipx5dsq-c552737e4e5b5c1e1cc0e9f5ade7f611 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_two_fifth  el_before_av_heading '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-d42efca5d0f33d9cb582fcdd758259da\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d42efca5d0f33d9cb582fcdd758259da{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d42efca5d0f33d9cb582fcdd758259da .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-d42efca5d0f33d9cb582fcdd758259da .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-d42efca5d0f33d9cb582fcdd758259da av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Soil Testing \/ <span class='special_amp'>\u201e<\/span>Fractionated Analysis<span class='special_amp'>\u201c<\/span><\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipwfiv5-44989daefe674a7cb56ed7f6fdfedd08 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>A pedological laboratory should meet the modern needs of agriculture by adequately depicting the kinetic-dynamic processes mentioned above. It is therefore necessary to \u201cintegrate nature\u201d into the analytical process and apply scientific methods which enable a close simulation of the specific conditions of the site.<\/p>\n<p>To meet these requirements, \u00a0we use the \u201cF<span lang=\"DE-AT\">ractionated<\/span> Analysis \u201c, a method co-developed by TB Unterfrauner which is a standardized procedure since 2004 (\u00d6NORM S2122-1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-02bceee5bfe3c50e334be809c7874473\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-02bceee5bfe3c50e334be809c7874473{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-02bceee5bfe3c50e334be809c7874473 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-02bceee5bfe3c50e334be809c7874473 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-02bceee5bfe3c50e334be809c7874473 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Types of chemical Bonds and Stages of Availability<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipwkfp5-0ba3f94f1e049993eee760bd22db10fa '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The \u201cFractional Analysis\u201c considers the different forms of chemical bonds of the elements in the soil. Depending on the form of binding, the examined elements are available to the plant either in a higher or lower degree. The figure below shows the different availability stages for the example of potassium (K). Due to reasons of simplification, the figure is limited to mineral bond types.<\/p>\n<p>K can be associated to structural elements exhibiting extremely strong bonds and consequently this fraction plays no role for current as well as mid-term plant nutrition (<strong>F4 \u2013 fraction 4<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>As the distance to the inner zone increases, the weathering processes accelerate. Fragments \/ molecules \/ ions from the weathered edge areas can become relevant for plant nutrition within the upcoming 10 to 15 years (<strong>F3 \u2013 fraction 3<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>The surfaces of the clay minerals are charged negatively and form the so-called \u201csorption complex\u201c with organic matter. In nature, free charge differences cannot exist, so substances charged in a contrary way are always attached to each other like magnets. This accretion is not a constant (ion)-bond, the attached elements (e.g. nutrients) can be exchanged by other elements (e.g. by root excretion) (<strong>F2 \u2013 fraction 2<\/strong>). The \u201cexchangeable cations\u201c create one of the most important pools for the nutrition of plants and microorganisms and are furthermore important for aggregate stability.<\/p>\n<p>As the distance to the sorption complex increases, its magnetic effect decreases. Gradually, a zone arises where particles charged positively or negatively occur in equilibrium. Their composition, respectively the relation of the solute elements, is of greatest importance. Plant roots are only able to absorb solute substances (exceptions are little fragments of amino acids and the process of endocytosis).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='flex_column av-9qjeqn-e3c1657afa7b1db4715c207720e6c4e8 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7fsddb-6633dc38d3741afe7982967f2b3bf4a4\">\n.avia-image-container.av-7fsddb-6633dc38d3741afe7982967f2b3bf4a4 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-7fsddb-6633dc38d3741afe7982967f2b3bf4a4 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-7fsddb-6633dc38d3741afe7982967f2b3bf4a4 av-styling- av-img-linked avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 pop-up avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-24  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-1030x689.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-1030x689.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-705x472.png 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-450x301.png 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41.png 1094w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" class='avia_image '  aria-label='Soil Survey'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1188 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1188 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-1030x689.png\" alt='' title='Soil Survey'  height=\"689\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-1030x689.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-705x472.png 705w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41-450x301.png 450w, https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Screen-shot-2016-05-11-at-12.17.41.png 1094w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5ieq8v-407a51dacf28c90c7746f836668803f5\">\n.flex_column.av-5ieq8v-407a51dacf28c90c7746f836668803f5{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-5ieq8v-407a51dacf28c90c7746f836668803f5 av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_heading  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipwls9k-3a9b15c4583fc975794a30c16abdbc73 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Schematic display of varying substance bond intensity in the soil<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-5b7423d8a4f53b9d7470bc05a9e5e488\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5b7423d8a4f53b9d7470bc05a9e5e488{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5b7423d8a4f53b9d7470bc05a9e5e488 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5b7423d8a4f53b9d7470bc05a9e5e488 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-5b7423d8a4f53b9d7470bc05a9e5e488 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_two_fifth  el_before_av_textblock '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Nutrient Proportions<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kipwmrp0-5a1424ee32e2418a90eb3a6d1ba972df '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In order to achieve optimum nutrition, the soil solution should hold an ideal composition of substance concentrations, substance ratios and substance species. There is no surplus of elements without a simultaneous lack of others! E.g. a surplus of K implies a simultaneous lack of Ca, Mg, (N).<br \/>\nSubstances like for example the ion pairs NO<sub>3<\/sub>\/Cl, SO<sub>4<\/sub>\/MoO<sub>4<\/sub>, Mg\/Mn heavily interfere each other\u2019s absorption because of their chemical analogy. For instance, a high concentration of SO<sub>4<\/sub> entails a decreased absorption of MoO<sub>4<\/sub>. Subsequentially, the protein metabolism is heavily disturbed because Mo is the central atom for the processes of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase.<br \/>\nRoot exudates can only operate selectively in a limited way. The excreted acid exchanges substances from the sorption complex, those substances subsequently merge into the soil solution and rinse around the plant roots where they can be absorbed.<\/p>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<p>Bergmann (1993). Ern\u00e4hrungsst\u00f6rungen bei Kulturpflanzen. 3. Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag.<br \/>\nFachbeirat f\u00fcr Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Bodenschutz beim Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft (BMLFUW) (2003). Richtlinien f\u00fcr die sachgerechte D\u00fcngung im Weinbau.<br \/>\nHusz (1974). Standortuntersuchung als Grundlage einer agrar\u00f6kologischen Produktionsplanung. Habilitationsschrift, Univ. f\u00fcr Bodenkultur.<br \/>\nSchilling (2000). Pflanzenern\u00e4hrung und D\u00fcngung. Verlag Eugen Ulmer.<br \/>\nScheffer-Schachtschabel (2010). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 16. Auflage. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.<br \/>\nSchr\u00f6der (1992). Bodenkunde in Stichworten. Gebr\u00fcder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2n95z3-a7346adcdc6945b733faa5725e28d6f1\">\n.av_promobox.av-2n95z3-a7346adcdc6945b733faa5725e28d6f1{\ncolor:#fcfbf2;\nbackground:#571921;\nborder-color:#571921;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av_promobox av-2n95z3-a7346adcdc6945b733faa5725e28d6f1 avia-button-yes  avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last '><div class='avia-promocontent'><p>\nWould you like to request a soil analysis?<\/p>\n<\/div><div  class='avia-button-wrap av-2n95z3-8ce1146eaa44cea7cdc0d70da388f6c0-wrap avia-button-right '><a href='https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/?page_id=1230'  class='avia-button av-2n95z3-8ce1146eaa44cea7cdc0d70da388f6c0 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-medium avia-position-right avia-color-theme-color-subtle'   aria-label=\"Assignment Form\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Assignment Form<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1258,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1167","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1167"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1167"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1167\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4504,"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1167\/revisions\/4504"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1258"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bodenoekologie.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}